haku: @all stability / yhteensä: 1124
viite: 3 / 1124
| Tekijä: | Rygaard, M. Binning, P.J. Albrechtsen, H-J. |
| Otsikko: | Increasing urban water self-sufficiency: New era, new challenges |
| Lehti: | Journal of Environmental Management
2011 : JAN, VOL. 92:1, p. 185-194 |
| Asiasana: | natural resources water resources urban areas international case studies research |
| Kieli: | eng |
| Tiivistelmä: | Traditionally, urban water supplies are based on limited freshwater resources (here as: resrs.) located outside the cities. Yet, as water demands begin to exceed the available freshwater resrs., a set of concepts and techniques to use alternative water resrs. has gained ground. Based on 113 cases and 15 in-depth case studies, analysed are solutions for increasing water self-sufficiency (here as: s-suff.) in urban areas. The main drivers identified for increased s-suff. are: i. direct and indirect lack of water, ii. constrained infrastructure, iii. high quality water demands and iv. commercial and institutional pressures. Case studies show increases in s-suff. ratios to as much as 80 percent with contributions from recycled water, seawater desalination and rainwater collection. Many challenges are raised through the introduction of alternative water resrs., e.g. varying energy requirements, wastewater reclamation, and resistance from the public due to changes of drinking water system. Public water-supply managers aim to achieve a high level of reliability and stability. It is concluded that despite the challenges, s-suff. concepts in combination with conventional water resrs. are helping to reach this goal. |
SCIMA