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| Author: | Tenold, S. |
| Title: | Vernon's product life cycle and maritime innovation: Specialised shipping in Bergen, Norway, 1970-1987 |
| Journal: | Business history
2009 : SEP, VOL. 51:5 p. 770-786 |
| Index terms: | Nordic countries specialization product life cycle development companies |
| Language: | eng |
| Abstract: | One of the most important developments in the post-war shipping industry has been the introduction of specialized ship types which have gained market shares in the transport of a large number of cargoes. The share of specialized tonnage in the Norwegian fleet increased from less than 1% in 1960 to more than 30% by 1987. Increased specialization like this did not occur to the same extent in all maritime centres. The Bergen presence was especially strong in two segments: chemical tankers and open hatch bulk shipping. In an international perspective, Norwegian owners held a large share of the new specialized ships. This paper takes a look at co-operation between individual firms, vertical integration and technological innovation which were associated to the development in maritime business. |
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