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| Tekijä: | Heide, L. |
| Otsikko: | Facilitating and restricting a challenger: Patents and standards in the development of the Bull-Knutsen punched card system, 1919-1938 |
| Lehti: | Business history
2009 : JAN, VOL. 51:1 p. 28-44 |
| Asiasana: | technology Norway France Scandinavia Nordic countries production |
| Kieli: | eng |
| Tiivistelmä: | This article discusses the various ways that patents and standards framed a challenger's opportunities. It recounts the history of the Bull punched card system, both in Norway in the 1920s and France in the 1930s, as it developed and became a challenger to IBM's monopoly. Bull faced the first mover's patents and standards differently. Standards paved the way for the challenger's actions, because patents hampered certain facilities for their duration. |
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