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| Tekijä: | Niosi, J. |
| Otsikko: | Fourth-Generation R&D: from linear models to flexible innovation |
| Lehti: | Journal of Business Research
1999 : JUN, VOL. 45:2, p. 111-117 |
| Asiasana: | R&D LINEAR MODELS INNOVATION |
| Kieli: | eng |
| Tiivistelmä: | The management of research and development has evolved through four different phases. The first two ones involved two linear flows of knowledge. From its beginnings in the mid-nineteenth century to the 1950s, it was based on serendipity and somehow isolated from the other functions of the firm. In the 1950s and 1960s, it adopted the basic routines of project management. In the 1970s and early 1980s business development groups appeared within the firm, to coordinate different functions and assure a multi-directional flow of information. |
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