haku: @author Schneider, F. / yhteensä: 12
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| Tekijä: | Schneider, F. Enste, D. |
| Otsikko: | Shadow economies: size, causes, and consequences |
| Lehti: | Journal of Economic Literature
2000 : MAR, VOL. 38:1, p. 77-131 |
| Asiasana: | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS CAUSALITY ECONOMICS |
| Kieli: | eng |
| Tiivistelmä: | Shadow or underground economic activity is a fact of life around the world, and there are strong indications that it is increasing. Most societies attempt to control these activities through various punitive measures or through education, rather than through reforms of the tax and social security systems which could improve the dynamics of the official economy. The authors undertook the task of collecting available data on the shadow economy to determine its development and size over an extended period of time for as many countries as possible. |
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