haku: @indexterm MANAGEMENT APPRAISAL / yhteensä: 83
viite: 7 / 83
| Tekijä: | Howell, J. P. Bowen, D. E. Dorfman, P. W. |
| Otsikko: | Substitutes for leadership: effective alternatives to ineffective leadership |
| Lehti: | Organizational Dynamics
1990 : SUMMER, VOL. 19:1, p. 20-38 |
| Asiasana: | LEADERSHIP MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION TRAINING MANAGEMENT APPRAISAL |
| Kieli: | eng |
| Tiivistelmä: | A new strategy for dealing with leadership problems - substitutes for leadership - may be more effective in situations in which a leader is not the main source of the problem or in which conventional remedies are too expensive, too time-consuming, or politically unfeasible. Several types of leadership substitutes are described and analyzed: informal guidance of an employee; influence vacuum caused by an employee who can be seen as a "neutralizer"; an employee who amplifies a leader's influence technically is not a substitute but rather the flip side of a neutralizer. These substitutes may be better than replacing a problematic leader, training or caching him or trying to improve the situation in its totality. |
SCIMA