haku: @indexterm Water resources / yhteensä: 143
viite: 9 / 143
| Tekijä: | Palmer, R. N. Characklis, G. W. |
| Otsikko: | Reducing the costs of meeting regional water demand through risk-based transfer agreements |
| Lehti: | Journal of Environmental Management
2009 : APR, VOL. 90:5, p. 1703-1714 |
| Asiasana: | water resources risk management costs models USA |
| Vapaa asiasana: | water transfers reservoir management regionalization North Carolina take-or-pay days of supply remaining risk-of-failure |
| Kieli: | eng |
| Tiivistelmä: | This article explores different combinations of infrastructure and agreement type that define three different transfer programs, describing the frequency and volume of transfers associated with each, as well as their costs. The agreements are described in terms of the type of decision rule employed: Take-or-Pay, where the timing and quantity of transfers is fixed; Days of Supply Remaining (DSR), which uses a static hydrologic indicator to trigger transfers; and Risk-of-Failure, a probability-based decision rule that involves consideration of both supply and demand. It is conducted within the context of the Research Triangle area of North Carolina (USA), a rapidly growing area that is beginning to approach the practical limits of water resource development. It is argues the following: 1) to reduce the average volume of transfers by over 80% compared to a Take-or-Pay agreement and by roughly half relative to the DSR agreement, leading to significant cost reductions. 2) a utility's willingness to accept something less than guaranteed access to a specified quantity of water also has a significant impact on cost. 3) interruptions do not necessarily lead to lower reliability, but rather to the purchasing utility acquiring more water during off-peak periods when the seller has excess treatment capacity available. 4) the lowest cost guaranteed agreement is 4050% more expensive than the lowest cost interruptible contract. |
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