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Author:Lampenius, Susanne
Title:Pre-treatment of Waste and Its Impact on Waste-to-Energy Processes
Förbehandling av avfall och dess inverkan på waste-to-energy processer
Publication type:Master's thesis
Publication year:2014
Pages:(8) + 88 s. + liitt. 7      Language:   eng
Department/School:Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu
Main subject:Energiatekniikka   (K3007)
Supervisor:Syri, Sanna
Instructor:Hankalin, Ville ; Raiko, Markku
Electronic version URL: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:aalto-201403061543
OEVS:
Electronic archive copy is available via Aalto Thesis Database.
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Location:P1 Ark Aalto  5715   | Archive
Keywords:waste pre-treatment
Waste-to-Energy
fluidised bed combustion
förbehandling av avfall
förbränning i fluidiserad bädd
Abstract (eng):More efficient utilisation of waste, both in terms of material and energy recovery, is increasingly encouraged by legislative, economical as well as environmental factors.
After extensive source separation, Waste-to-Energy processes - the most common of which is mass incineration - enable utilisation of the residual waste.
As opposed to the traditional grate incineration, newer technologies including fluidised bed combustion need the waste feed to be processed.

Mechanical, possibly in combination with biological, processing of residual waste into a fuel may compose a simple or more complex system.
Typically, a pre-treatment system involves at least size reduction, homogenisation and some type of size separation as well as metal separation.
In addition to these, further separation technologies and biological applications may be included.
The products from the pre-treatment comprise, apart from waste derived fuel, recyclates increasing the recycling rate of the waste and possibly biological fractions.

To study the operational differences between fluidised bed combustion of a processed waste fuel and grate incineration of untreated waste, two case plants were examined in terms of electricity and heat production, electricity consumption, flue gas cleaning, solid residues and operational issues.
The comparisons revealed that the fluidised bed combustion plant produced more net electricity and heat experiencing fewer operational problems and generally resulting in lower emissions at stack than the grate incineration plant.
However, the consumption of flue gas cleaning chemicals was higher per tonne of fuel at the fluidised bed plant and the distribution of the solid residues was less favourable, together causing higher costs for the fluidised bed than for the grate.

In addition to mechanical pre-treatment and combustion as energy utilisation, technologies such as autoclaving, pyrolysis and gasification are being or have been developed.
Irrespective of which technologies will dominate the market in the future, the importance of increasing material and energy recovery will remain.
Abstract (swe):Mer effektivt utnyttjande av avfall vad beträffar återvinning av både material och energi uppmuntras i allt ökande grad såväl via lagstiftning, ekonomiskt som miljömässigt.
Efter omfattande källsortering möjliggör Waste-to-Energy processer - av vilka den vanligaste är massförbränning - utnyttjande av restavfallet.
I motsats till traditionell rosterförbränning kräver nyare teknologier såsom förbränning i fluidiserad bädd att avfallet är förbehandlat.

Mekanisk, möjligen i kombination med biologisk, behandling av restavfall för produktion av bränsle kan utgöras av ett enkelt eller mer komplext system.
I allmänhet innefattar ett förbehandlingssystem åtminstone krossning, homogenisering och någon typ av storleksseparering samt metallavskiljning.
Därtill kan också ytterligare separeringsteknologier och biologiska metoder förekomma.
Produkterna som resulterar ur förbehandlingen inbegriper förutom avfallsbränsle även återvinnbara material som kan bidra till en ökning av avfallets återvinningsgrad, samt eventuellt biologiska fraktioner.

För att studera inverkan av de tekniska skillnaderna mellan förbränning av avfallsbränsle i fluidiserad bädd och rosterförbränning av obehandlat avfall, undersöktes två anläggningar med avseende på el- och värmeproduktion, elkonsumtion, rökgasrening, fasta restprodukter och driftproblem.
Jämförelserna visade att anläggningen med fluidiserad bädd producerade mer nettoelekricitet och värme, upplevde färre problem samt resulterade i allmänt lägre utsläpp till luft än rosterförbränningsanläggningen.
Däremot var konsumtionen av rökgasreningskemikalier högre per ton bränsle för den fluidiserade bädden och distributionen av de fasta restprodukterna mindre gynnsam, vilket ledde till högre kostnader för den fluidiserade bädden än för rosteranläggningen.

Förutom mekanisk förbehandling och förbränning som energiutnyttjande har även andra teknologier såsom autoklavbehandling, pyrolys och förgasning utvecklats.
Oberoende av vilka teknologier som dominerar marknaden i framtiden kommer betydelsen av en allt ökad material- och energiåtervinning att kvarstå.
ED:2014-03-06
INSSI record number: 48757
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